It was the first outbreak of medieval plague in Europe, and it killed tens of millions of people, an estimated 30–50 percent of the European population, between 1347–1351 –. The Black Death was one of the most devastating epidemics in human history. The results indicate that there are significant differences in survival and mortality risk, but not birth rates, between the two time periods, which suggest improvements in health following the Black Death, despite repeated outbreaks of plague in the centuries after the Black Death. By applying Kaplan-Meier analysis and the Gompertz hazard model to transition analysis age estimates, and controlling for changes in birth rates, this study examines differences in survivorship and mortality risk between the pre- and post-Black Death populations of London. Mary Graces cemetery (n = 133) was in use from 1350–1538 and thus represents post-epidemic demographic conditions. Mary Spital cemetery, which date to between 1120-1300 (n = 143). Nicholas Shambles (n = 246) cemeteries, which date to the 11 th–12 th centuries, and from two phases within the St. The pre-Black Death sample comes from the Guildhall Yard (n = 75) and St. Samples are drawn from several pre- and post-Black Death London cemeteries. This study investigates whether the combination of the selective mortality of the Black Death and post-epidemic improvements in standards of living had detectable effects on survival and mortality in London. Following the epidemic, there were improvements in standards of living, particularly in dietary quality for all socioeconomic strata. It killed tens of millions of Europeans, and recent analyses have shown that the disease targeted elderly adults and individuals who had been previously exposed to physiological stressors. 1347-1351) was one of the most devastating epidemics in human history.
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